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Clinical Manifestations.

Anika Bhatia1, Veena Namboodiri1, Noor Malhi1

  • 1The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Younger adults expended more cognitive effort for rewards than older adults, but this effort was linked to negative mood and apathy. Older adults showed slight risk aversion, with effort linked to avoidance symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience of aging
  • Decision-making research

Background:

  • Investigated age-related differences in cognitive effort-based decision-making (CEDT).
  • Examined framing effects (risk of loss vs. reward) on effort expenditure.
  • Assessed construct validity of CEDT with self-report symptom inventories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine how age (younger vs. older adults) and framing influence cognitive effort.
  • To explore the relationship between effort expenditure and self-reported mood and apathy.
  • To test hypotheses derived from cognitive control theories and socioemotional selectivity theory.

Main Methods:

  • Ninety-seven cognitively normal adults (52 younger, 45 older) completed the CEDT.
  • Participants completed questionnaires assessing mood (PANAS) and apathy (DAS).
  • Effort expenditure (Hard Task Selection Frequency) and decision reaction times were measured.

Main Results:

  • Younger adults showed greater overall effort expenditure (HTSF) than older adults (p=0.08).
  • On reward trials, younger adults exhibited significantly greater effort (HTSF: 77% vs. 52%), faster decisions, and higher accuracy than older adults.
  • Effort on reward trials correlated with lower positive affect, higher negative affect, and greater executive apathy.

Conclusions:

  • Findings partially supported hypotheses: both groups favored effort for rewards, with slight risk aversion in older adults.
  • Counterintuitively, greater effort expenditure on reward trials was linked to increased symptoms of mental effort avoidance and mood disturbances.
  • The concept of 'decisional inertia' may help explain findings; further research is needed.