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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Kiat Sern Goh1, Serena Low2

  • 1Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) correlates with neurofilament light chain (NfL) and lower cognitive function, with pulse pressure (PP) mediating this relationship. These findings suggest GDF-15

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Area of Science:

  • Biomarkers of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction and its systemic effects.
  • Cerebrovascular health and cognitive impairment.

Background:

  • Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) is an emerging biomarker linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
  • Pulse Pressure (PP) is implicated in cognitive impairment due to its effects on cerebral blood flow.
  • This study investigates the relationship between GDF-15, neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a marker of neuroaxonal injury, and cognitive function, exploring PP as a potential mediator.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between GDF-15 levels and neurofilament light chain (NfL) and cognitive function.
  • To investigate the mediating role of Pulse Pressure (PP) in the relationship between GDF-15 and NfL.
  • To explore the potential of GDF-15 as a biomarker for cognitive impairment.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 100 participants from a tertiary hospital.
  • Measurement of plasma GDF-15 and NfL using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  • Assessment of cognitive function via Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and calculation of peripheral PP.

Main Results:

  • GDF-15 positively correlated with NfL (r=0.520, p<0.001) and negatively with MoCA scores (r=-0.213, p=0.036).
  • GDF-15 was associated with higher NfL and lower MoCA scores in linear regression analyses (p<0.001 and p=0.013, respectively).
  • Mediation analysis indicated that PP accounted for 15.7% of the association between GDF-15 and NfL (p=0.046).

Conclusions:

  • GDF-15 is associated with increased neuroaxonal injury (NfL) and reduced cognitive function in older individuals.
  • Pulse Pressure (PP) partially mediates the relationship between GDF-15 and NfL.
  • GDF-15 may play a role in cognitive impairment, suggesting potential for future interventions targeting GDF-15 and PP for prevention.