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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
07:20

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Biomarkers.

Gabrielle Walach1,2, Kody Kennedy1, Mikaela Dimick1

  • 1Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Youth with bipolar disorder (BD) show altered brain structure linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk. Higher AD polygenic risk scores (PRS) correlate with reduced brain volumes in BD patients compared to healthy controls.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Bipolar disorder (BD) increases Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.
  • Early AD pathogenesis is crucial for understanding disease development.
  • Evaluating AD genetic risk in youth may reveal neurostructural susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the association between AD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and brain structure in adolescents and young adults.
  • Examine how AD-PRS interact with diagnosis (BD vs. healthy controls) to affect brain structure.
  • Explore potential sex differences in these associations.

Main Methods:

  • T1-weighted MRI data from 112 youth (67 BD, 45 HC) aged 13-20.
  • Calculated AD-PRS using PRS-CS-auto.
  • General linear models and vertex-wise analyses assessed AD-PRS effects on regional brain structure, controlling for covariates.

Main Results:

  • Higher AD-PRS associated with lower superior temporal gyrus volume in the whole sample.
  • In BD youth, higher AD-PRS showed stronger associations with reduced regional brain structure (e.g., superior temporal gyrus, precuneus, frontal and parietal regions).
  • Sex-stratified analyses revealed distinct patterns: females showed reduced superior parietal lobule metrics, while males exhibited increased supramarginal and rostral middle frontal gyrus measures.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated AD-PRS is linked to diminished brain structure in youth with BD.
  • Findings suggest potential sex-specific effects of AD genetic risk on brain development in BD.
  • Longitudinal studies are needed to track developmental changes in AD-PRS and brain structure associations.