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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Xi Wu1, Bing Zhang2

  • 1Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory adaptation patterns in the primary olfactory cortex (POC) are altered in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), indicating early Alzheimer's disease (AD) changes. These olfactory changes correlate with cognitive function and elevated AD biomarkers.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to altered primary olfactory cortex (POC) activation.
  • Impaired olfactory habituation is observed in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.
  • Olfactory adaptation in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate olfactory adaptation patterns in individuals with SCD.
  • To compare olfactory adaptation across normal cognition (NC), SCD, and MCI groups.
  • To explore the relationship between olfactory adaptation, cognitive function, and plasma biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Functional MRI (fMRI) analyzed POC activation across four odor concentrations and four time phases in 181 participants (NC, SCD, MCI).
  • Participants were categorized based on normal or abnormal POC olfactory adaptation patterns.
  • Plasma levels of p-tau217 and NfL were compared between adaptation groups.

Main Results:

  • SCD and MCI groups showed significantly fewer activated POC voxels compared to NC.
  • NC participants predominantly exhibited normal olfactory adaptation, while SCD and MCI participants showed abnormal patterns.
  • Abnormal olfactory adaptation was linked to poorer olfactory identification, memory deficits, and higher plasma p-tau217 and NfL levels.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory adaptation patterns are relevant in early Alzheimer's disease stages, particularly in SCD.
  • Altered POC olfactory adaptation may serve as an early indicator of AD.
  • Olfactory function changes are associated with cognitive decline and AD pathology.