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Clinical Manifestations.

Subin Park1, Ellene Yan2,3, Ray Martinez-Rodriguez1

  • 1University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive impairment affects 12-18% of surgical patients preoperatively, with executive function most impacted. Post-surgery, impairment rises to 35% at one week, returning to baseline by three months.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Neuroscience
  • Surgical outcomes

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment is common in surgical patients but often overlooked.
  • Preoperative cognitive deficits can impact surgical outcomes.
  • Understanding perioperative cognitive changes is crucial for patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of impaired cognitive domains in surgical patients.
  • To analyze changes in cognitive function after surgery.
  • To identify specific cognitive domains most affected.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies.
  • Included 5,725 surgical patients (cardiac and non-cardiac).
  • Assessed cognitive domains preoperatively and at one week and three months postoperatively.

Main Results:

  • Preoperatively, executive function (18%), visuospatial function (16%), and attention/working memory/processing speed (14%) were most prevalent impairments.
  • Postoperatively, impairment peaked at one week (up to 35%) across multiple domains.
  • By three months, cognitive impairment prevalence decreased to preoperative levels (12-16%).

Conclusions:

  • Significant cognitive impairment exists preoperatively in surgical patients.
  • Postoperative cognitive function temporarily worsens but recovers by three months.
  • Identifying at-risk patients guides the selection of cognitive screening tools for better outcomes.