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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Matthew D Zammit1

  • 1Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) show earlier Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker progression, specifically tau accumulation, after amyloid positivity compared to neurotypical adults, indicating a need for timely interventions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodegenerative disease research
  • Biomarker discovery and validation
  • Down syndrome genetics and aging

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression timing in Down syndrome (DS) is not well understood.
  • Identifying differences in biomarker positivity between DS and neurotypical (NT) adults is crucial for optimizing anti-amyloid therapies in DS.
  • Temporal modeling of biomarker accumulation is needed to pinpoint therapeutic windows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the timing and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker positivity in adults with Down syndrome (DS).
  • To contrast potential timing differences in biomarker accumulation between DS and neurotypical (NT) adults.
  • To inform the identification of optimal anti-amyloid treatment windows in DS.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal data from 198 adults with DS and 172 NT adults were analyzed.
  • Temporal modeling was used to estimate amyloid-beta (Aβ) positivity onset using PET imaging.
  • Linear mixed-effects models assessed the relationship between Aβ positivity and plasma pTau217 and Tau PET accumulation.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with DS exhibited significantly earlier increases in plasma pTau217 and Tau PET positivity following amyloid-beta (Aβ) positivity compared to NT adults.
  • The risk of becoming A+ was substantially higher in the DS group.
  • In DS, pTau217 and Tau PET positivity occurred nearly simultaneously after A+ onset, unlike in NT adults who showed a temporal lag.

Conclusions:

  • Adults with DS experience accelerated tau biomarker progression after amyloid positivity relative to NT adults.
  • The early and concurrent onset of pTau217 and Tau PET in DS underscores the critical need for early therapeutic interventions.
  • This research supports the development of targeted treatment strategies and optimal intervention timing for AD in the DS population.