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Updated: Jan 7, 2026
09:07
Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
Published on: June 14, 2020
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Basic Science and Pathogenesis.
Nadia Shigaeff1, Celso Martins Queiroz-Júnior2, Thiago Guilerme Rêgo Barros1
1Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
Summary
Long COVID-19 is linked to cognitive impairment and altered neurochemical mediators. Specific protein changes may help predict frontal cognitive dysfunction in long COVID-19 patients.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Long COVID-19, a post-infection syndrome, frequently involves cognitive impairment.
- Neuroinflammation is a proposed mechanism linking COVID-19, cognitive decline, and potential dementia development.
- Understanding these neurobiological changes is crucial for managing long COVID-19 sequelae.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess cognitive function in long COVID-19 patients compared to controls.
- To measure plasma levels of inflammatory and neurochemical mediators in long COVID-19.
- To investigate associations between these mediators and cognitive impairment.
Main Methods:
- Quantified plasma levels of GFAP, TREM2, CX3CL1, BDNF, GDNF, and NGF using ELISA.
- Administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery to evaluate cognitive functions.
- Utilized Mann-Whitney tests and linear regression for statistical analysis.
Main Results:
- Long COVID-19 individuals showed significant impairment in TMT, HVLT, and Stroop tests.
- Decreased plasma levels of TREM2, CX3CL1, GDNF, and NGF were observed in long COVID-19 patients.
- Specific protein levels correlated with cognitive performance, e.g., GFAP with TMT, TREM2 with HVLT and verbal fluency.
Conclusions:
- Glial activity and neurotrophic factor expression are altered in long COVID-19.
- Plasma neurochemical mediators show potential for predicting frontal cognitive impairment in long COVID-19.
- Further research can elucidate the role of these biomarkers in long COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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