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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Stephan Duijkers1, Inez H G B Ramakers1,2, Kim Massloh1

  • 1Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Comorbidities like hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in individuals with normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment. These conditions differentially affect amyloid-beta and tau biomarkers, impacting AD diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomarkers
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • The global population is aging, leading to increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related conditions.
  • Hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypercholesterolemia (HCHOL) are known risk factors for dementia.
  • The specific association between combinations of these comorbidities and AD neuropathology remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between combinations of HT, DM, and HCHOL and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of AD pathology.
  • To examine the relationship between these comorbidities and amyloid-beta 42 (A) and phosphorylated tau (T) levels.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 2479 normal cognition (NC) and 1618 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants from the Amyloid Biomarker Study.
  • Classification of participants based on the presence of HT, DM, or HCHOL (no, one, or two or more comorbidities).
  • Creation of four amyloid-beta (A) and phosphorylated tau (T) biomarker profiles (A-T-, A+T-, A-T+, A+T+) using data-driven cut-offs.

Main Results:

  • In NC individuals, comorbidities were associated with higher A+T- profiles and lower A-T- profiles.
  • In MCI individuals, comorbidities were linked to higher A-T+ profiles and lower A-T- or A+T+ profiles.
  • Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were specifically associated with altered AT biomarker profiles in both NC and MCI groups, while DM showed no significant differential association.

Conclusions:

  • Comorbidity status influences AD biomarker profiles differently in normal cognition versus mild cognitive impairment.
  • Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, but not diabetes mellitus, show distinct associations with amyloid and tau pathology.
  • Findings suggest potential implications for diagnostic strategies in memory clinics, considering comorbidity profiles.