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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
516

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Hexiao Ding1, Gerald Wai-Yeung Cheng1, Hongzhao Chen1

  • 1Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) increases Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, while soluble CD40 receptor (CD40R) protects against depression. Depression also elevates CD137, a potential biomarker for AD progression.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression share inflammatory links.
  • Previous studies on inflammatory cytokines in AD and depression used small cohorts or animal models.
  • Mendelian randomization (MR) offers a robust method to investigate causal relationships using genetic variants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the causal impact of inflammatory proteins on susceptibility to depression and AD.
  • To investigate the bidirectional relationship between inflammation, depression, and AD.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for the comorbidity of depression and AD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data from European populations.
  • Employed bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) with inverse variance weighted (IVW) method.

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  • Selected genetic variants for 91 inflammatory proteins, depression, and AD, applying stringent statistical criteria for instrumental variables.

    • Main Results:

    • Interleukin-8 (IL-8) was found to increase the risk of AD.
    • Soluble CD40 receptor (CD40R) demonstrated a protective effect against depression.
    • Increased genetic risk for depression was associated with elevated CD137 levels.

    Conclusions:

    • IL-8 is implicated as a risk factor for AD.
    • CD40R may play a protective role in depression.
    • CD137 emerges as a potential biomarker for co-diagnosing depression and AD, warranting further investigation.