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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Danni Ge1, Jiaming Lu1, Qian Chen1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) shows altered brain connectivity in the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex (MEC/LEC). These changes correlate with navigation and memory, suggesting sFC and dFC as potential early Alzheimer's disease biomarkers.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) represents an early stage of cognitive impairment.
  • The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) are crucial for memory and navigation.
  • Investigating functional connectivity in MEC and LEC may reveal early pathological changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine static functional connectivity (sFC) and dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) in MEC and LEC of individuals with SCD.
  • To explore the relationship between functional connectivity, cognitive performance, spatial navigation, and olfactory memory in SCD.
  • To assess the potential of sFC and dFC as early diagnostic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 77 control subjects and 106 individuals with SCD.
  • Collected data through neuropsychological evaluations, spatial navigation tests, olfactory memory tests, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).
  • Analyzed static and dynamic functional connectivity (sFC and dFC) of bilateral MEC and LEC.

Main Results:

  • SCD individuals showed decreased sFC in LEC and MEC connections with various brain networks and regions compared to controls.
  • Alterations in dFC were observed, with some connections decreasing and others increasing in SCD.
  • Positive correlations were found between MEC volume and spatial navigation, LEC sFC and olfactory function, and LEC dFC and global cognition in the SCD group.
  • A combined sFC and dFC biomarker achieved 92.1% area under the curve for SCD identification.

Conclusions:

  • Entorhinal cortex (EC) subregions exhibit functional alterations in individuals with SCD.
  • LEC connectivity is associated with spatial navigation, while MEC connectivity is linked to olfactory memory.
  • Combined sFC and dFC metrics show promise as neuroimaging biomarkers for the early diagnosis of AD.