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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Ying Xia1,2, Vincent Dore3,4, Jurgen Fripp1

  • 1CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression shows amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation without brain atrophy in early stages. However, memory decline is linked to Aβ buildup, suggesting neuronal dysfunction precedes structural changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Biomedical Imaging

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and cholinergic basal forebrain (BF) system dysfunction.
  • The early pathological changes and cognitive impacts of subthreshold Aβ accumulation in emergent AD remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between Aβ accumulation, brain structure (BF and hippocampus), and cognitive function in initially cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults who later developed Aβ positivity (emergent AD).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 408 CU individuals in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study, initially Aβ-negative.
  • Employed linear mixed-effects models to analyze volumetric changes in BF subregions and hippocampus, and cognitive composite scores over 15 years.
  • Stratified participants based on progression to Aβ+ (emergent AD) versus remaining Aβ- (stable CU).

Main Results:

  • 69 participants progressed to emergent AD (Aβ+), while 328 remained stable (Aβ-).
  • The emergent AD group showed faster Aβ accumulation but no significant differences in BF or hippocampal atrophy rates compared to the stable group.
  • Emergent AD individuals experienced greater memory decline, but not in attention or executive function, compared to stable CU individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Amyloid-beta accumulation in emergent AD occurs without accelerated brain atrophy in the basal forebrain and hippocampus.
  • The observed association between Aβ accumulation and episodic memory loss suggests that Aβ-related neuronal dysfunction may precede detectable volumetric brain changes.