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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Muneeb Ahmad Muneer1, Harshita Agarwal2, Poorvikha Gowda3

  • 1Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This meta-analysis reveals significant reductions in serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in specific brain regions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. These neurotransmitter changes may serve as early diagnostic biomarkers for AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Medical Biomarkers

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuroinflammation, vascular impairment, and synaptic dysfunction.
  • Investigating neurotransmitter levels offers potential for early AD diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine levels in brain regions of AD patients versus healthy controls.
  • To explore the potential of these neurotransmitters as early diagnostic biomarkers for AD.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Scopus, adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Meta-analysis was performed using R's 'meta' package to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD) and assess heterogeneity.

Main Results:

  • Significant reductions in serotonin were observed across multiple brain regions, particularly the hippocampus (SMD: -2.53).
  • Dopamine levels were notably decreased in the frontal and temporal regions (overall SMD: -0.55).
  • Norepinephrine showed substantial reductions, especially in the hippocampus and frontal regions (overall SMD: -1.84).

Conclusions:

  • Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are significantly depleted in specific brain areas in Alzheimer's disease.
  • These neurotransmitter alterations highlight their potential as diagnostic biomarkers for AD.
  • Further research is needed to validate these findings.