Epitranscriptomic modifications in embryonic development: insights into natural and ART-induced mechanisms and...

Area of Science:

• Reproductive Biology
• Epigenetics
• Developmental Biology

Background:

• Mammalian embryo development relies on complex molecular regulation.
• Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are widely used globally for human and animal fertility.
• Epitranscriptomic marks, like N6-methyladenosine (m6A), regulate gene expression during development, but ART's impact is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of epitranscriptomic modifications in naturally conceived and ART-conceived embryos.
• To examine how RNA modifications influence gametogenesis and early embryonic development.
• To explore how ART-induced stress may affect these regulatory layers and offspring health.

Main Methods:

• Searched PubMed and Scopus for peer-reviewed articles and reviews.
• Used keywords: 'epitranscriptomic', 'RNA modification', 'gametogenesis', 'embryo development', 'ART'.
• Critically evaluated and discussed relevant publications up to the current year.

Main Results:

• Epitranscriptomic modifications, especially m6A, are key regulators of RNA metabolism in gametogenesis and early embryo development.
• ART stressors (oxidative imbalance, hormonal stimulation, cryopreservation) can disturb RNA methylation (m1A, 5-methylcytosine).
• These alterations affect embryo competence, placental function, lineage specification, and offspring development, highlighting epitranscriptomic marks as biomarkers and targets.

Conclusions:

• Understanding ART's influence on the epitranscriptome is crucial for improving reproductive outcomes.
• In vitro procedures can negatively impact RNA regulation in gametes and embryos, leading to implantation failure and pregnancy loss.
• Insights into epitranscriptomic modifications guide safer and more effective ART practices.