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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies

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Biomarkers.

Shreelekha Bs¹, Adrija Chatterjee¹, Pragathi Balasubramani¹

¹Translational Neuroscience and Technology Lab, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association

|December 25, 2025

Summary

Spatial navigation decline, particularly allocentric (map-based) navigation, may indicate early Alzheimer's Disease. Increased parietal brain activity in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) suggests compensatory mechanisms, offering potential biomarkers for early detection and intervention.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Biomarkers

Background:

Spatial navigation deficits are early indicators of Alzheimer's Disease (AD).
Egocentric navigation relies on posterior parietal and lateral entorhinal cortex; allocentric navigation involves the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and hippocampus.
Understanding cognitive impairment mechanisms can guide rehabilitation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if egocentric versus allocentric navigation performance decline under high memory load can identify early AD-related neural circuit damage.
To explore cortical energy distribution during navigation tasks in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Main Methods:

24 participants (controls and MCI) navigated standardized paths under varying cognitive loads (high/low) while performing the Digit Numbering Task (DNT).
Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded behavioral data and assessed cortical energy distribution using an auditory mismatch negativity paradigm.
Participants were screened using the Mini-Mental State Exam.

Main Results:

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants showed significantly lower DNT accuracy compared to controls.
While no group differences were found in egocentric performance, MCI participants exhibited significantly poorer allocentric navigation.
MCI participants displayed a higher cortical energy factor in the parietal region.

Conclusions:

Poorer allocentric navigation performance in MCI suggests retrosplenial cortex (RSC) involvement, potentially serving as a biomarker for closed-loop stimulation.
Elevated parietal energy factor in MCI may reflect compensatory mechanisms or inefficient resource allocation.
Further research using high-resolution source localization is needed to validate these findings.