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Clinical Manifestations.

Puyu Shi1, Hannah Chapman2, Lisa Liu1

  • 1University College London, London, London, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Social cognition is significantly more impaired in dementia than Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Assessments of emotion recognition and Theory of Mind (ToM) can help distinguish between MCI and dementia, particularly frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Social cognition is vital for social interactions and relationships, and is a key diagnostic criterion for dementia.
  • Previous research indicates social cognition deficits in dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) compared to healthy adults.
  • The precise differences in social cognition between MCI and dementia require further exploration to understand disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze studies comparing social cognition between individuals with MCI and dementia.
  • To quantify differences in emotion recognition, Theory of Mind (ToM), and empathy between MCI and various dementia types.
  • To clarify the potential of social cognition assessments in predicting MCI to dementia progression.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic database search for studies comparing social cognition in MCI and dementia.
  • Meta-analyses to calculate effect sizes for standardized differences in emotion recognition, ToM, and empathy.
  • Inclusion of 28 cross-sectional studies with 2,368 participants (1,273 MCI, 1,145 dementia).

Main Results:

  • Individuals with MCI demonstrated better emotion recognition (Cohen's d = 0.69) and ToM (Cohen's d = 0.74) than those with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia.
  • Greater differences were found between MCI and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (emotion recognition Cohen's d = 2.09, ToM Cohen's d = 1.49).
  • No significant differences were observed in cognitive empathy; emotional empathy was slightly higher in AD dementia but not statistically significant.

Conclusions:

  • Significant differences in social cognition, especially emotion recognition and ToM, exist between MCI and dementia.
  • Impairments are more pronounced in FTD compared to AD dementia, indicating social cognition decline with disease progression.
  • Social cognition assessments hold clinical value for distinguishing MCI from dementia and identifying individuals at risk of progression.