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Clinical Manifestations.

Sabela C Mallo1, Camilla Elefante2, Eulogio Real-Deus3

  • 1Instituto de Psicoloxía (IPsiUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C) structure was analyzed using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). Results reveal two key dimensions underlying neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in individuals at risk for dementia, aiding in risk factor determination.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • The Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C) assesses neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in individuals at risk of dementia.
  • The underlying structure of the MBI-C requires further investigation.
  • Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is suitable for analyzing the MBI-C's structure due to its ability to provide orthogonal dimensions and require no prior assumptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the underlying structure of the MBI-C at baseline using MDS.
  • To identify the dimensions that explain the relationships between MBI-C items.
  • To explore the potential of these dimensions in differentiating NPS states in individuals at risk of dementia.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the CompAS and Pisa cohort studies, including pre-dementia participants who met MBI diagnostic criteria.
  • Performed a two-step bidimensional weighted dichotomous Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis.
  • Examined fit indices (stress-II, D.A.F.) and item coordinates in the bidimensional solution.

Main Results:

  • MDS analysis revealed optimal fit indices, indicating a robust bidimensional solution.
  • Dimension I (horizontal) differentiated internalizing versus externalizing symptoms.
  • Dimension II (vertical) distinguished between behavioral-goal directed dyscontrol and emotional dysregulation.

Conclusions:

  • Two primary criteria, internalizing/externalizing symptoms and behavioral/emotional dysregulation, underpin NPS in the MBI-C.
  • These dimensions define four distinct NPS states: Covert-Goal directed dysregulation, Overt-Goal directed dyscontrol, Overt-emotional dyscontrol, and Covert-emotional dysregulation.
  • The identified NPS states may assist in determining risk factors for individuals at risk of dementia.