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Clinical Manifestations.

Stella Garriga1, Lauren G Santos1, Jared Block2

  • 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiometabolic burden (CMB) impacts cognition, with women showing greater vulnerability in visuoperceptual abilities. Reducing CMB is crucial for brain health and requires tailored interventions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Females with higher cardiometabolic burden (CMB) experience faster cognitive decline than males.
  • Sex differences in cardiometabolic and cognitive disorders suggest distinct underlying mechanisms.
  • Knowledge gaps exist regarding how biological sex moderates the relationship between CMB and cognition across different domains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between biological sex and cardiometabolic burden (CMB) on cognitive performance across various domains.
  • To leverage data from the National Neuropsychology Network (NNN) to understand sex-specific effects on cognition.
  • To identify cognitive domains where sex differences in response to CMB are most pronounced.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional analysis of 4,258 participants from the NNN study.
  • Cardiometabolic burden (CMB) estimated by the number of prevalent cardiometabolic conditions identified via ICD-10 codes.
  • Cognitive function assessed across six domains (working memory/attention, language, executive function, memory, visuoperceptual abilities, processing speed) using neuropsychological measures.
  • MANCOVAs used to analyze domain-level cognitive performance, controlling for sex, education, race, and age.

Main Results:

  • Cardiometabolic burden (CMB) significantly impacted executive function, processing speed, and language.
  • Female sex was associated with poorer performance in working memory/attention, executive function, processing speed, and visuoperceptual abilities.
  • A significant interaction between sex and CMB was observed for visuoperceptual abilities, indicating sex-specific effects.

Conclusions:

  • Sex and CMB interact to predict cognitive deficits, with females exhibiting heightened vulnerability in visuoperceptual abilities.
  • Despite similar prevalence, cardiometabolic conditions affect cognition differently based on sex.
  • Reducing CMB is vital for brain health, necessitating sex-tailored cognitive assessments and interventions.