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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Elham Ghanbarian1, Babak Khorsand1, Laura A Rabin2

  • 1University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serum GFAP levels indicate higher risk of cognitive decline in women with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This highlights the need for sex-specific approaches in AD risk assessment and prevention strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarkers
  • Alzheimer's Disease Research

Background:

  • Inflammation is a key factor in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology and may influence sex-based differences in AD risk.
  • Elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels, indicating astrocytic reactivity, correlate with accelerated cognitive decline.
  • The specific role of GFAP in sex-dependent cognitive decline trajectories within AD remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential sex differences in the association between serum GFAP levels and cognitive decline.
  • To examine these associations in cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional analysis of 949 CU participants from the A4 (amyloid-positive) and LEARN (amyloid-negative) studies.
  • Longitudinal analysis of 695 participants over 240 weeks, assessing changes in the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC) based on baseline GFAP levels.
  • Analyses were stratified by sex and age groups (65-75 and >75 years), and amyloid status.

Main Results:

  • Women exhibited higher baseline GFAP levels than men (p < .001).
  • Higher GFAP levels were associated with PACC decline in women (cross-sectionally and longitudinally, p < .01), but not significantly in men.
  • GFAP was linked to PACC decline in women across age groups and in older men (>75 years).
  • A significant negative association between GFAP and PACC was observed only in amyloid-negative women (p < .001).

Conclusions:

  • Serum GFAP may function as a predictive biomarker for cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired women.
  • Findings emphasize the necessity of sex-specific considerations in AD risk assessment and preventive measures.