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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...
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Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
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Clinical Manifestations.

Robert Perneczky1,2,3,4,5, Anna Hufnagel6, Carolin Isabella Kurz6

  • 1German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is crucial for prevention and treatment. This study introduces digital cognitive tests and blood biomarkers to identify early cognitive decline in primary care settings.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Healthcare systems struggle with early detection of cognitive decline, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Early identification of Subjective Cognitive Deficits (SCD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is vital for dementia prevention and timely intervention.
  • Prodromal AD indicators, including SCD/MCI with specific biomarkers, significantly increase the risk of cognitive decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the percentage of Alzheimer's disease diagnoses supported by biomarker evidence in a primary care setting.
  • To evaluate the impact of digital cognitive tests and blood-based biomarkers on diagnostic workflows and resource utilization.
  • To establish an effective and efficient framework for early diagnosis of cognitive impairment.

Main Methods:

  • Implementing a proprietary digital cognitive test and Roche's p-tau217 blood biomarker.
  • Utilizing a network of general practitioners (GPs) and specialists in Munich, Germany.
  • Allocating GP-specialist pairs into four groups with varying access to biomarker testing.

Main Results:

  • The study will present initial experiences with protocol design, site recruitment, and participant insights.
  • Findings will inform the development of a standardized approach for early cognitive decline detection.
  • The project aims to improve diagnostic rates for neurodegenerative conditions outside specialist clinics.

Conclusions:

  • A standardized system for identifying minimal cognitive decline is currently lacking globally.
  • Low diagnostic rates for early cognitive changes persist due to the absence of robust, accurate detection methods in primary care.
  • The COGSCREEN 2 study seeks to create an efficient early diagnosis framework within a global network.