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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Muneeb Ahmad Muneer1, Harshita Agarwa2, Poorvikha Gowda3

  • 1Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease patients show lower levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), but higher 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG). These findings suggest altered monoamine neurotransmission in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
  • The monoaminergic system plays a critical role in regulating mood, cognition, and behavior, and its dysregulation is implicated in AD.
  • Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine metabolites, including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), are associated with cognitive decline in AD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis comparing CSF levels of key monoamine metabolites between AD patients and healthy controls.
  • To investigate the specific alterations in serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic systems in AD.
  • To provide insights into AD pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was performed across multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus) adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • A meta-analysis was conducted using R's 'meta' package with inverse variance weighting to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD).
  • Heterogeneity was assessed using I² and tau² values, with tau² estimated via restricted maximum-likelihood and Q-profile methods.

Main Results:

  • Significantly lower CSF levels of 5-HIAA (SMD = -0.46) and HVA (SMD = -0.60) were observed in AD patients compared to controls.
  • Elevated CSF levels of MHPG (SMD = 0.44) were found in AD patients.
  • No significant difference in DOPAC levels (SMD = -0.22) was detected between AD patients and controls.

Conclusions:

  • The findings indicate significant dysregulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission in AD, specifically within the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems (decreased 5-HIAA and HVA).
  • Elevated MHPG suggests increased norepinephrine breakdown in AD.
  • Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore their potential for therapeutic interventions in AD.