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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

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Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
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Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation
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Redox-Switchable Single-Atom Catalyst Enables Efficient Aqueous Hydroxymethylfurfural Oxidation.

Jacky H Advani1, David Panáček1,2, Petr Langer1

  • 1Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Poruba, Ostrava 708 00, Czech Republic.

ACS Catalysis
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel iron catalyst (Fe-NGA) efficiently oxidizes biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) in water. This earth-abundant catalyst offers high selectivity and stability for sustainable chemical production.

Keywords:
2,5-diformylfuranbiomass valorizationdimersgreen oxidationiron single-atom catalyst

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Selective aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is crucial for producing biobased chemicals.
  • Existing catalysts often rely on noble metals, organic solvents, and lack stability in aqueous media.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust, recyclable, and earth-abundant heterogeneous catalyst for HMF oxidation.
  • To achieve high selectivity and efficiency in aqueous conditions, mimicking natural enzyme active sites.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of mixed-valence single-atom iron dimers anchored on nitrogen-doped graphene acid (Fe-NGA).
  • Characterization using spectroscopic and theoretical studies to elucidate the catalytic mechanism.
  • Testing catalytic performance in the aerobic oxidation of HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) in pure water.

Main Results:

  • Fe-NGA exhibits a redox-flexible Fe2+/Fe3+ manifold that forms a Fe3+-Fe4+ ferryl species in situ.
  • Achieved 97% HMF conversion with 95% DFF selectivity in pure water.
  • Demonstrated high turnover frequency (17.3 h−1) and specific productivity (12.5 mmolDFF gcat−1 h−1), with stability over six cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Fe-NGA serves as a benchmark earth-abundant catalyst for efficient oxidation of renewable feedstocks.
  • The catalyst design mimics nonheme diiron oxidases, enabling selective oxidation in aqueous environments.
  • Provides a sustainable alternative to noble metal catalysts for biobased chemical synthesis.