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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Fuqiang Gao1, Joel Ramirez2,3, Melissa F Holmes1

  • 1Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Focal white matter hyperintensities (fWMH) are primarily located near deep medullary vessels (DMVs), suggesting a connection to venous insufficiency in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging. These fWMH appear fluid-like and may indicate early vascular changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cerebrovascular Health
  • Alzheimer's Disease Research

Background:

  • The origin of focal white matter hyperintensities (fWMH) on MRI remains unclear.
  • Emerging evidence points to perivascular spaces as cerebral lymphatics, potentially affected by vascular aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • fWMH may serve as early indicators of venous collagenosis and lymphatic dysfunction in AD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial co-localization of fWMH with deep medullary vessels (DMVs).
  • To assess the dynamic changes of fWMH over time to understand their nature.
  • To explore the relationship between fWMH, DMVs, and potential vasogenic edema in AD and aging.

Main Methods:

  • 107 AD patients and 30 controls underwent baseline and follow-up MRI scans.
  • fWMH were identified on T2/FLAIR images; DMVs were visualized on T1, invert-T2, or SWI sequences.
  • Spatial relationships were classified as 'perivascular positive' or 'perivascular negative', and fWMH changes were tracked over 1.5 years.

Main Results:

  • 91.6% of baseline fWMH were perivascular positive, predominantly in frontal and occipitoparietal regions along lateral ventricles.
  • Follow-up revealed dynamic changes in 92.8% of fWMH, with most remaining perivascular positive.
  • AD patients showed a higher rate of fWMH increase compared to controls, who had more unchanged fWMH.

Conclusions:

  • The majority of fWMH are located along DMVs and exhibit fluid-like dynamic changes.
  • fWMH progression suggests a role beyond ischemia, potentially linked to venous insufficiency in deep medullary venules.
  • Venous insufficiency may be a significant underlying pathology for fWMH in AD and aging populations.