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Clinical Manifestations.

Camila Rafaela Lazaretti1, Cristiano Aguzzoli1

  • 1Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 can cause lasting cognitive deficits, impacting memory and executive functions in over half of survivors, regardless of symptom severity. Long-term follow-up is crucial for assessing cognitive function post-infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • COVID-19 significantly impacts cognitive functions, including higher cortical abilities.
  • Prolonged cognitive deficits are increasingly recognized following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • This review compares long-term cognitive impairment between mild-to-moderate and severe COVID-19 cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare long-term cognitive impairment in individuals with varying COVID-19 severity.
  • To identify cognitive domains most affected by COVID-19 long-term.
  • To highlight the persistence of cognitive deficits post-recovery.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review of PubMed-indexed articles from 2020-2024.
  • Inclusion of studies assessing long-term cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors.
  • Screening of twenty articles, with eight full-text publications assessed.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive impairment prevalence ranged from 61.5% (mild-moderate) to 80% (moderate-severe) in the acute phase.
  • Executive function, working memory, verbal fluency, and attention were most affected.
  • Over 50% experienced long-term deficits in attention, memory, and executive function; severe cases showed persistent issues months after discharge.

Conclusions:

  • Post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment affects a significant proportion of survivors across all clinical stages.
  • Memory impairment is the predominant long-term cognitive deficit observed.
  • Clinical evaluation and long-term follow-up focusing on cognitive function are essential for COVID-19 survivors.