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Clinical Manifestations.

H Matthew Lehrer1, Aryan Govil2, Hau-Tieng Wu2

  • 1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Melatonin release links to body temperature drops, with sex differences observed in older adults. Higher melatonin and temperature drops may benefit female cognition.

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Nocturnal melatonin secretion is hypothesized to influence core body temperature (Tc) drop and cognitive function.
  • Prior research has not investigated sex differences in the relationship between melatonin, Tc, and cognition.
  • Understanding these sex differences is crucial for elucidating melatonin's potential pro-cognitive effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine sex differences in the associations of melatonin (AUC and DLMO) with nocturnal core body temperature drop (Tdrop).
  • To investigate sex differences in the associations of melatonin and Tdrop with cognitive function in older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty-five cognitively unimpaired older adults (32 females, 33 males) underwent a 60-hour laboratory study with sleep deprivation.
  • Core body temperature (Tc) was continuously monitored, and salivary melatonin (AUC, DLMO) was measured hourly.
  • Melatonin parameters were correlated with Tdrop (Tcwaking - Tcsleep) and neurocognitive outcomes assessed later.

Main Results:

  • Greater melatonin AUC correlated with greater Tdrop in both sexes, but with earlier timing in females.
  • Earlier dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) correlated with greater Tdrop in both sexes.
  • Melatonin AUC was linked to better memory and visuospatial function in females only; Tdrop was associated with executive function and attention in females, and language in males.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin release is strongly coupled to nocturnal Tdrop, with sex-specific differences in timing and strength.
  • Elevated melatonin and Tdrop may offer cognitive protection, particularly for older females.
  • Further research is needed to explore how aging-related changes, like menopause, influence these sex differences.