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Clinical Manifestations.

Alex Bahar-Fuchs1

  • 1Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A decline in the sense of smell is an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Olfactory training may improve cognition in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a prodromal symptom in 90% of dementia patients, impacting independence and safety.
  • Olfaction is a neglected research area compared to visual and auditory decline in dementia.
  • Impaired sense of smell predicts conversion from cognitive health to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of olfactory decline in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To review olfactory assessment tools for clinical use.
  • To present evidence for olfactory training's cognitive benefits.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on olfaction and neurodegeneration.
  • Discussion of shared neuroanatomical pathways.
  • Presentation of clinical assessment tools for olfaction.
  • Analysis of olfactory training studies, including the Mind Your Nose trial.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory impairment is a consistent prodromal symptom and predictor of cognitive decline.
  • Olfactory training shows promise for improving cognitive function.
  • The Mind Your Nose trial provides compelling evidence for olfactory training benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification and management of olfactory decline are crucial for dementia risk assessment.
  • Olfactory training represents a potential therapeutic strategy for cognitive enhancement.
  • Further research and clinical integration of olfactory assessment are warranted.