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Clinical Manifestations.

Sergio Grueso1, Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides2,3, Oriol Grau-Rivera2,3

  • 1NeuroADaS Lab Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High proficiency in a second language, regardless of acquisition age, enhances cognitive functions like non-verbal reasoning and processing speed. This bilingual advantage benefits non-linguistic skills, not verbal memory.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Bilingualism is proposed as a cognitive reserve factor, but its impact on cognitive aging and dementia delay remains debated.
  • Understanding which type of bilingual experience most effectively mitigates age-related cognitive decline is crucial for dementia prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of second language acquisition age and proficiency on cognitive performance in aging adults.
  • To compare cognitive outcomes across different bilingual profiles, including early vs. late acquisition and high vs. low proficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Cognitive performance of 2502 unimpaired adults (44-74 years) from the ALFA study was analyzed.
  • Participants were categorized into early high-proficient, late high-proficient, and late low-proficient bilingual groups based on age of acquisition and proficiency in Spanish (L1) and Catalan (L2).
  • Statistical analyses controlled for age, education, gender, and other cognitive reserve factors.

Main Results:

  • High-proficiency bilinguals (early and late) significantly outperformed late low-proficient bilinguals in non-verbal reasoning and processing speed.
  • Early high-proficient bilinguals showed advantages in visuospatial processing, working memory, and attention compared to late low-proficient bilinguals.
  • No significant differences were observed in general cognitive decline (MMSE) or episodic verbal memory across the groups.

Conclusions:

  • High second language (L2) proficiency and active L1-L2 use are linked to better cognitive performance, independent of the age of acquisition (AoA).
  • The cognitive benefits of bilingualism appear concentrated in non-linguistic functions, with no significant impact on verbal episodic memory or lexical retrieval.