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Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Polyethyleneimine-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Vehicle for the Delivery of Small Interfering RNA to Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo

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Intelligent Responsive PLGA-ES100 Composite Nanoparticles Loaded with Resolvin E1 for Inflammation Regulation

Maolin Sun^1,2, Yi Han^1,2, Leila Mamizadehjanghour³

¹Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.

ACS Applied Bio Materials

|December 25, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed pH-responsive nanoparticles that release anti-inflammatory Resolvin E1 (RvE1) in alkaline conditions, improving immune response control around biodegradable implants and reducing fibrosis.

Keywords:

PLGA-Eudragit S100 nanoparticles RvE1 inflammation regulation macrophage behavior pH-sensitive

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Published on: January 24, 2025

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Immunomodulation
Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

Biodegradable implants require precise immune modulation control at the implant site.
Magnesium alloys create an alkaline environment during degradation, posing challenges for immune response.
Current strategies lack spatiotemporal control over immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer pH-responsive nanoparticles for controlled drug release in alkaline environments.
To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Resolvin E1 (RvE1) released from nanoparticles.
To assess the efficacy of the system in reducing fibrosis around magnesium alloy implants.

Main Methods:

Developed poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and Eudragit S100 (PLGA-ES100) nanoparticles.
Engineered nanoparticles to degrade under alkaline conditions for on-demand RvE1 release.
Implanted nanoparticles with AZ31 magnesium alloys in a rat subcutaneous model.

Main Results:

PLGA-ES100 nanoparticles released RvE1 specifically under alkaline conditions.
Nanoparticles promoted M2 macrophage polarization and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β).
In vivo implantation showed significantly reduced fibrotic capsule thickness and increased CD163 expression.

Conclusions:

pH-responsive nanoparticles offer a strategy for localized, inflammation-resolving drug release triggered by implant degradation.
The PLGA-ES100-RvE1 system provides a modular platform for controlling immune responses at bioresorbable implant interfaces.
This approach enhances the biocompatibility of biodegradable implants by modulating the local immune environment.