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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Alba Fernández-Bonet1, Patricia Genius1,2,3, Blanca Rodríguez-Fernández1,3,4

  • 1Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Risk factors for perivascular spaces (PVS) vary by sex and Alzheimer's disease (AD) stage. These brain changes show regional differences, not a uniform effect across the brain.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Vascular Neurology

Background:

  • Perivascular spaces (PVS) are fluid-filled compartments around brain blood vessels, crucial for glymphatic waste clearance and linked to small vessel disease.
  • Abnormalities in PVS are associated with stroke, cognitive decline, and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • This study investigated factors influencing PVS burden in individuals without cognitive impairment but at risk for AD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify demographic, cardiometabolic, genetic, and lifestyle factors associated with PVS burden.
  • To explore how these associations differ based on sex, amyloid status, and Alzheimer's disease biomarker profiles.
  • To understand the regional variability of PVS determinants in the brain.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T2-weighted MRI scans from 322 individuals in the ALFA+ study.
  • Utilized a machine learning protocol for automatic PVS burden assessment in basal ganglia, centrum semiovale, midbrain, and hippocampus.
  • Employed Poisson and negative binomial regression models, including interaction and stratified analyses.

Main Results:

  • Age-related increases and higher PVS counts in men were observed in the centrum semiovale.
  • In amyloid-positive individuals, sex, sleep duration, and APOE-ε4 influenced PVS enlargement in the hippocampus.
  • Sex-specific analyses revealed inverse associations between BMI and PVS in men, with varying genetic predisposition effects.

Conclusions:

  • Risk factor influence on PVS is specific to sex and Alzheimer's disease stage.
  • Significant regional differences in PVS associations highlight that effects are not uniform across the brain.
  • These findings contribute to understanding the complex interplay of factors affecting brain health and small vessel disease.