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Clinical Manifestations.

Zahinoor Ismail1

  • 1Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Agitation in Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) is common but poorly detected. New International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA) criteria standardize assessment of agitation, improving clinical care and research for dementia-related behaviors.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Agitation in Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) leads to significant functional decline, hospitalization, and caregiver burden.
  • Up to 60% of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) experience agitation, yet it is often detected late or inconsistently.
  • Current symptomatic descriptions of agitation lack standardized criteria, hindering effective measurement and treatment assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA) criteria for Agitation in Cognitive Disorders.
  • To demonstrate the clinical utility of the IPA's syndromic approach to agitation.
  • To improve the standardization of agitation assessment and communication in clinical practice and research.

Main Methods:

  • Development and validation of the IPA criteria for Agitation in Cognitive Disorders.
  • Definition of agitation based on distressing behaviors in verbal aggression, physical aggression, and excessive motor activity.
  • Presentation of a clinical case study to illustrate the application of IPA criteria.

Main Results:

  • The IPA criteria provide a syndromic approach, improving upon previous symptomatic descriptors.
  • Standardized nomenclature and nosology facilitate consistent communication about dementia-related behaviors.
  • The clinical case demonstrates the benefit of IPA criteria in assessment, measurement, and decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • The IPA criteria offer a standardized framework for assessing and measuring agitation in cognitive disorders.
  • Adoption of IPA nosology enhances clinical care, caregiver communication, and research efforts.
  • Standardized assessment is crucial for timely and effective management of agitation in ADRD.