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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

James E Galvin1, Tulimalefo'i Vaofanua2, Grace Grace Tuato'o2

  • 1University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD) affect 31% of Samoan elders in American Samoa. Most cognitive impairment cases are not linked to AD pathology, suggesting a need for non-AD biomarker research.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The Puipui Malu Manatu study investigates Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) prevalence, risk factors, and biomarker profiles in American Samoa.
  • This report details cognitive and biomarker findings from the initial 400 participants of this ongoing NIA-funded research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of ADRD in Samoan elders aged 50 and above.
  • To identify risk and resilience factors, and explore genetic and blood-based biomarkers associated with cognitive decline.
  • To evaluate health literacy and cognitive screening tools within this population.

Main Methods:

  • A probability sample of 981 Samoan elders (age 50+) will undergo Gold Standard evaluation using UDSv3.0.
  • Genetic and blood-based biomarkers, including PrecivityAD2, will be explored.
  • Cognitive function will be assessed using MoCA, Cognivue Clarity, QDRS, and CDR-SB.

Main Results:

  • The cohort (mean age 60.4 years) showed significant cognitive impairment, with 31% scoring 0.5+ on CDR-SB.
  • Cognitively impaired individuals were older, male, had more comorbidities, and lower MoCA scores.
  • ApoE ε4 was not a significant risk factor, and AD biomarkers (Aβ42/40, pTau217) did not differ between cognitive impairment groups.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive impairment affects 31% of Samoan elders in American Samoa, with most cases not linked to AD pathology.
  • ApoE ε4 does not appear to be a primary risk factor for cognitive impairment in this population.
  • Further research should explore non-AD biomarkers, culturally tailored cognitive assessments, and the utility of intra-individual change measures (CDR) for dementia detection.