Biomarkers

Phosphorylated tau at threonine 217 (p-tau217) is a highly specific blood-based biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, with high diagnostic accuracy and reproducible cut-offs across cohorts. However, the prognostic utility of plasma p-tau217 has not been assessed across the clinical stages of AD. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prognostic utility of a commercially available immunoassay for plasma p-tau217 in predicting clinical and functional decline across the clinical stages of AD in a cohort with up to 10 years of follow-up.

This cohort study analyzed data from the Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeneration (SPIN) cohort, including baseline visits conducted between March 2011 and November 2022. Participants included individuals with and without cognitive impairment, classified into clinical stages 1-6 based on AD pathology status in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), determined by the p-tau181/Aβ1-42 ratio. Plasma p-tau217 concentrations were measured using a commercially available immunoassay (ALZpath pTau217 assay). Cognitive and functional decline were assessed via changes in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and progression to stage 4. Longitudinal plasma p-tau217 changes were also analyzed according to baseline AD pathology status.

The study included 731 participants (mean [SD] age, 71.5 [10.1] years; 442 females [60%], 289 males [40%]). Among individuals with AD pathology, plasma p-tau217 levels (but not CSF p-tau181) increased with advancing clinical stages, and longitudinal changes in plasma p-tau217 exhibited greater annual increases than CSF p-tau181. Both plasma p-tau217 levels and CSF p-tau181 correlated with cognitive measures and predicted faster cognitive decline. Based on established cut-offs, participants with negative or intermediate p-tau217 levels experienced slower cognitive and functional decline than those with positive plasma p-tau217 levels. In non-demented participants, plasma p-tau217 (but not CSF p-tau181) was independently associated with accelerated progression to the dementia stage.

Plasma p-tau217, measured using a commercially available immunoassay, was associated with cognitive and functional decline in AD. These findings highlight the potential of plasma p-tau217 for use in routine clinical practice to monitor and prognosticate AD progression.