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Clinical Manifestations.

Yingxin Mi1, Changming Wang2, Lei Liu1

  • 1Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, Beijing, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Face processing deficits, including prosopagnosia, are early indicators of Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum, detectable even in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stages. Our study highlights potential early intervention targets for AD by analyzing face perception and memory using an occluded face delay matching paradigm (OFDM).

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Prosopagnosia, or face blindness, is a common symptom in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD), significantly impacting daily life.
  • Understanding the progression of face perception and memory deficits in AD is crucial for early diagnosis and intervention.
  • Neural mechanisms underlying face processing impairments in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the progression of face perception and memory using an occluded face delay matching paradigm (OFDM).
  • To explore the underlying neural mechanisms of face processing deficits across the AD continuum (healthy aging, MCI, AD).
  • To identify potential early biomarkers for AD detection within face processing abilities.

Main Methods:

  • 180 participants (60 cognitively normal, 69 MCI, 51 AD) underwent the OFDM task combined with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings.
  • EEG captured temporal dynamics of face encoding, maintenance, and retrieval.
  • Neuropsychological assessments and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid and tau markers were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral performance in the OFDM task showed a significant decline across healthy aging, MCI, and AD groups (AUC = 0.79).
  • EEG revealed early face processing deficits (P1, N170) and compromised face memory (NSW) in AD patients.
  • MCI patients exhibited early face encoding/perception deficits (P1, N170) but preserved higher-level face processing and memory aspects, with altered theta and alpha band activity.

Conclusions:

  • The OFDM task effectively differentiates cognitive impairment stages, identifying face processing deficits as early indicators of the AD continuum.
  • MCI patients show early face processing impairments, suggesting potential for early therapeutic interventions.
  • Neural correlates, including theta and alpha band activity, are associated with face perception and memory impairments in MCI and AD.