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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Tongyao You1, Qi Han1, Yingzhe Wang1

  • 1Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CD31-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise as biomarkers for vascular brain injury, aiding in the early detection of cognitive decline. Combining CD31+ EVs with p-tau181 improves diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing dementia subtypes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The 2024 Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnostic framework includes vascular brain injury (V) alongside A, T, and N categories.
  • Current V diagnosis relies on neuroimaging, which has limitations in sensitivity and specificity.
  • CD31-positive (CD31+) extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from damaged brain endothelial cells are potential direct indicators of vascular pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate CD31+ small EVs as potential biomarkers for vascular injury.
  • To explore the diagnostic accuracy of CD31+ EVs in differentiating cognitive impairment subtypes.
  • To assess the correlation between CD31+ EVs and vascular risk factors and brain imaging markers.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter study enrolled 346 individuals across discovery and validation cohorts.
  • Participants underwent cognitive, ATN, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid EV analysis.
  • Individuals were classified into healthy control, pure AD, pure subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI), and mixed dementia groups.

Main Results:

  • Elevated CD31+ EVs were identified in the SVCI group, indicating their association with vascular injury.
  • CD31+ EV levels correlated significantly with vascular risk factors and cerebral small vessel disease markers.
  • CD31+ EVs showed superior accuracy in distinguishing SVCI from healthy controls; combined with p-tau181, they effectively differentiated SVCI from AD.

Conclusions:

  • The percentage of CD31+ EVs is significantly correlated with vascular brain injury.
  • Combining CD31+ EVs with p-tau181 demonstrates excellent discriminative performance for dementia subtypes.
  • Cerebrovascular EVs detected in plasma offer a potential avenue for early vascular change detection.