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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
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Clinical Manifestations.

Swathi T1, Thamil Pavai Swathi2

  • 1Kauvery hospital, Chennai, Tamil nadu, India.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This case highlights progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) presenting as dementia, diagnosed three years after non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) treatment. JC virus DNA confirmed PML, a rare late complication of chemotherapy.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Oncology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a known complication in immunocompromised patients, including those with malignancy or undergoing chemotherapy.
  • This study focuses on a rare case of PML presenting years after treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of PML presenting as dementia three years after NHL treatment.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and late presentation of chemotherapy-induced PML.

Main Methods:

  • A 33-year-old male treated for spinal NHL with radiation and R-CHOP chemotherapy was evaluated for neurological symptoms.
  • Diagnostic workup included MRI brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for JC virus DNA.

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Main Results:

  • The patient presented with ataxia, memory impairment, and behavioral changes.
  • MRI revealed white matter hyperintensities, and CSF testing was positive for JC virus DNA, confirming PML.
  • Differential diagnoses included CNS lymphoma, paraneoplastic syndrome, and prion disease.

Conclusions:

  • This case represents a rare instance of PML occurring three years post-chemotherapy for NHL.
  • Dementia can be an unmasked presentation of PML, even years after treatment completion.
  • The findings underscore the importance of considering late-onset PML in immunocompromised patients with neurological decline.