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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Dieu-Trang Fuchs1, Yosef Koronyo1, Miyah R Davis1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) retinas show pathogenic tau in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to significant RGC loss and cell death. This tauopathy correlates with disease severity, suggesting RGCs as potential early AD biomarkers.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, impacting vision.
  • Previous studies found elevated pathogenic tau in AD retinas, but its presence in RGCs was unconfirmed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and impact of pathogenic tau isoforms within RGCs in Alzheimer's disease.
  • To determine the relationship between RGC tauopathy, RGC loss, and disease severity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of retinal cross-sections from AD/MCI patients and controls using immunofluorescence and Nissl staining.
  • Quantification of RGCs (RBPMS+), tau inclusions (pS396-tau, oligo-tau), and cell death markers (apoptosis, GVD-necroptosis).
  • Correlation of RGC pathology with brain pathology (Braak stage) and cognitive status.

Main Results:

  • First evidence of pS396-tau and oligo-tau inclusions within RGCs in MCI and AD retinas.
  • Significant reduction (46-56%) in RGCs, accompanied by hypertrophy, apoptosis, and GVD-necroptosis.
  • Increased tau-laden RGCs (2.1-3.5 fold) correlated with RGC loss and advanced disease pathology and cognitive decline.

Conclusions:

  • Abnormal tau isoforms accumulate in RGCs in MCI and AD, driving significant RGC loss via apoptosis and GVD-necroptosis.
  • RGC tauopathy is linked to overall disease severity and cognitive impairment.
  • RGC tauopathy presents a potential noninvasive biomarker for early AD detection and monitoring.