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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Isabella Tucci1, Colleen Lacey1, Jodie Gawryluk1

  • 1University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Having one child was linked to reduced hippocampal grey matter volume and poorer memory in postmenopausal women. Multiple children did not show this association, suggesting parity may influence Alzheimer's disease risk.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Reproductive Health
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately affects women, with female sex as a key risk factor.
  • Estrogen exposure and female-specific factors are implicated in increased AD risk.
  • The impact of parity on hippocampal grey matter volume (GMV) and cognitive function is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between parity (number of live births) and hippocampal GMV.
  • To examine the relationship between parity and cognitive function, specifically visual memory.
  • To explore parity as a potential factor in women's heightened risk for AD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized UK Biobank data from 1284 cognitively healthy postmenopausal women.
  • Employed T1-weighted MRI to assess left and right hippocampal GMV.

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  • Used multiple linear regression to analyze the relationship between parity and Pairs Matching Test errors, controlling for covariates.

    • Main Results:

    • One child was significantly associated with lower left and right hippocampal GMV compared to nulliparous women.
    • Having one child correlated with poorer memory performance (more errors on the Pairs Matching Test).
    • No significant differences in hippocampal GMV or memory were found for women with two or more children.

    Conclusions:

    • Having one child may be linked to reduced hippocampal GMV and poorer memory in postmenopausal women.
    • Parity, particularly having one child, could be a contributing factor to women's increased AD risk.
    • Future research will explore the influence of hormone replacement therapy and loneliness on these associations.