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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Clara Gallay1,2, Jordi Huguet3, Armand González Escalante1,4,5

  • 1Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Childbirth history may protect against cognitive decline in postmenopausal women with white matter hyperintensities (WMH). More childbirths were linked to slower cognitive changes in women with higher WMH, independent of amyloid burden.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cerebrovascular diseases significantly affect cognition in middle-aged individuals.
  • Hormonal shifts post-childbirth influence the cerebrovascular system, but their cognitive impact remains unclear.
  • This study investigates the link between childbirth history, white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and cognitive change in cognitively unimpaired (CU) postmenopausal women at elevated Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how the number of childbirths and WMH influence cognitive changes in CU postmenopausal women.
  • To assess the moderating role of childbirth history on the association between WMH and cognitive decline.
  • To explore the interaction between childbirth, WMH, and AD pathology (amyloid positivity) on cognitive trajectories.

Main Methods:

  • 201 CU postmenopausal women from the ALFA+ study, enriched for AD risk factors, were analyzed.
  • Regional WMH volumes were quantified, and amyloid (Aβ) positivity was determined via CSF Aβ42/40 ratio.
  • Linear regression models assessed the effects of WMH and childbirth on cognitive performance (PACC change over ±3 years), controlling for covariates including Aβ status and APOE-ε4 carriership.

Main Results:

  • No significant independent association was found between WMH or childbirth number and cognitive change.
  • Amyloid positivity trended towards association with steeper cognitive decline.
  • A significant interaction revealed that a higher number of childbirths moderated the association between parietal lobe WMH and cognitive change, with more childbirths linked to less decline in women with higher WMH load.

Conclusions:

  • In CU postmenopausal women without prior cardiovascular disease, WMH and childbirth number were not independent predictors of 3-year cognitive outcomes.
  • Childbirth history moderated the WMH-cognition relationship, suggesting a protective effect against cognitive decline in women with higher parietal WMH, irrespective of amyloid burden.
  • These findings suggest pregnancy history impacts cerebrovascular health and cognition decades later, warranting further research into underlying mechanisms.