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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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APOE-mediated sex differences in microvascular pathology and AD-associated proteinopathies in the medial temporal lobe.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
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The prognostic value of blood-based p-tau217 levels on progression to clinical impairment.

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Whole blood gene expression moderates associations between AD biomarkers and cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired older adults.

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Elevated temporal tau PET predicts faster cognitive decline in women than men: A meta-analysis.

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Sex Differences in P-Tau217, Tau Aggregation, and Cognitive Decline.

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Independent, but not synergistic, associations of <i>APOE</i>ε4 and systemic inflammation on cognitive decline: findings from the Women's Health Initiative.

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Genetic architecture of the limbic white matter microstructure in aging and Alzheimer's Disease.

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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Gillian T Coughlan1

  • 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Women show accelerated tau accumulation compared to men, particularly when soluble phosphorylated tau (p-tau) levels are high. Early treatments targeting soluble p-tau may benefit women most.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarkers
  • Alzheimer's Disease Research

Background:

  • Sex differences exist in insoluble tau aggregates, but the role of soluble phosphorylated tau (p-tau) is unclear.
  • Investigating sex-specific predictors of baseline plasma p-tau217 and longitudinal tau positron emission tomography (PET) is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine if sex and amyloid-beta (Aβ) predict baseline plasma p-tau217.
  • To determine if baseline plasma p-tau217 and the p-tau217/Aβ42 ratio predict longitudinal tau-PET in a sex-specific manner.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 998 clinically normal individuals from multiple cohorts (A4/LEARN, WRAP, HABS, ADNI) with tau-PET scans and p-tau217 measurements.
  • Regression models assessed cross-sectional sex × Aβ interactions; random-effects models evaluated longitudinal sex × baseline-p-tau217 × time interactions on tau-PET regions.
  • Models adjusted for age; ADNI cohort used the p-tau217/Aβ42 ratio.

Main Results:

  • Women had higher baseline p-tau217 than men, especially with higher neocortical Aβ.
  • Significant longitudinal sex × baseline-p-tau217 × time interactions were observed in multiple tau-PET regions across cohorts.
  • Women exhibited accelerated tau trajectories at higher p-tau217 and p-tau217/Aβ42 levels compared to men, independent of APOEε4 status, baseline Aβ, or baseline tau-SUVR.

Conclusions:

  • Sex differences in tau proliferation may be amplified by elevated soluble p-tau levels.
  • Early therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing soluble p-tau may be particularly beneficial for women.