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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Jamie Mitchell1, Nowran Nasr1, Eimear McLaughlin1

  • 1Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinal vascular parameters detected via OCT and UWF imaging may serve as non-invasive biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. These findings offer a scalable method for early AD detection and monitoring.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Challenges in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment underscore the need for early-stage biomarkers.
  • The Deep and Frequent Phenotyping (DFP) study investigates novel biomarkers, including multimodal retinal imaging.
  • This study focuses on baseline retinal vascular characteristics and thickness from OCT and ultra-widefield (UWF) images.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify potential non-invasive biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.
  • To assess retinal vascular parameters (RVPs) and retinal thickness in relation to AD risk factors.
  • To explore the utility of OCT and UWF imaging in early AD detection.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited participants aged ≥60 with prodromal AD and controls in a 4:1 ratio.
  • Extracted RVPs (fractal dimension, width gradient, width intercept, tortuosity) from UWF images using VAMPIRE software.
  • Measured Retinal and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer (RNFL) thickness from OCT images using Heidelberg Eye Explorer (Heyex).
  • Analyzed associations between RVPs, RNFL thickness, and AD risk factors (Family History of Dementia [FHD], ApoE4 carrier status).

Main Results:

  • Family History of Dementia (FHD) associated with higher fractal dimension and arterial width intercept, and lower arterial width gradient.
  • ApoE4 carriers showed reduced arteriolar and venular width intercept compared to non-carriers.
  • A trend towards increased nasal and inferotemporal RNFL thickness was observed in individuals with FHD.
  • No significant associations were found between tortuosity or retinal thickness and FHD or ApoE4 status at baseline.

Conclusions:

  • Retinal vascular parameters from OCT and UWF imaging show promise as non-invasive biomarkers for AD risk.
  • These imaging techniques offer a scalable approach for early AD detection and monitoring.
  • Longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate the role of these retinal parameters in tracking AD progression.