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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies

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Biomarkers.

¹Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association

|December 25, 2025

Summary

Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers have evolved from research tools to critical components in clinical trials and care. Recent advances in imaging and blood tests are transforming AD diagnosis and treatment.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomarker Discovery
Medical Diagnostics

Background:

Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers initially included hippocampal volume and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers like Aβ42, total tau, and p-tau181.
Over 25 years, imaging and fluid biomarkers have become essential in AD research, clinical trials, and patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the development of imaging and fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer disease.
To describe the evolving roles of these biomarkers in research, clinical trials, and clinical care.

Main Methods:

Review of historical development of Alzheimer disease (AD) imaging biomarkers, including amyloid and tau PET radiotracers.
Review of advancements in fluid biomarker assay technology, leading to accurate AD blood tests.

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Analysis of the validation and regulatory approval processes for AD biomarkers.

Main Results:

The first amyloid PET radiotracer was reported in 2004, followed by tau PET tracers in 2013-2014.
Accurate Alzheimer disease (AD) blood tests emerged in 2017-2018, driven by PET imaging and improved fluid assays.
Biomarkers are now extensively used in AD research, clinical trials for participant selection and treatment monitoring, and increasingly in clinical diagnosis.

Conclusions:

Significant advances in imaging and fluid biomarkers have enhanced understanding of AD biology.
These biomarkers have facilitated the development, approval, and use of disease-modifying treatments targeting amyloid pathology.
The availability of AD-specific treatments and accurate blood tests is revolutionizing AD clinical diagnosis and patient management.