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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Ben Senderling1, Amy Kwok1, Annalisa Na1

  • 1Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This review summarizes joint biomechanics in older adults with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD). Most studies focus on walking, highlighting potential for gait analysis as an ADRD biomarker.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Functional activities, particularly gait, are increasingly recognized as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD).
  • Current research often emphasizes spatiotemporal gait parameters, overlooking the underlying biomechanical factors.
  • Understanding joint biomechanics during functional tasks is crucial for developing targeted interventions for individuals with ADRD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review of existing literature on joint biomechanics during functional activities in older adults diagnosed with ADRD.
  • To identify the extent and nature of biomechanical assessments reported in studies involving this population.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive scoping review was performed following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

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  • Searches were conducted across major online databases (Ovid, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science) from inception to December 2024.
  • Studies quantifying joint biomechanics in adults aged 65+ with ADRD were included, with screening and data charting performed by two independent reviewers.

    • Main Results:

    • The review identified 18 eligible studies out of 1,069 initial results, with the majority published after 2016.
    • Most studies employed a cross-sectional design, focusing on walking (13 studies) as the primary functional activity.
    • Lower extremity joint biomechanics (ankle, knee, hip) were assessed using motion capture and inertial sensors, quantifying angles and moments.

    Conclusions:

    • Recent research predominantly examines lower extremity biomechanics during walking in older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a form of ADRD.
    • The findings suggest a need for systematic evaluation of walking biomechanics in this population.
    • Further systematic reviews could enhance understanding of gait as an ADRD biomarker and inform intervention strategies.