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Clinical Manifestations.

Jennifer A Frontera1, Arjun V Masurkar1,2,3, Alok Vedvyas1,2,3

  • 1NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
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Summary

Patients with long-COVID show significantly worse cognitive function and higher rates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), including Alzheimer's type, compared to those without long-COVID symptoms. This highlights the persistent neurological impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Limited data exists comparing neuropsychiatric outcomes in long-COVID patients versus controls.
  • Investigating cognitive differences is crucial for understanding long-term COVID-19 sequelae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare neuropsychiatric testing results in patients with and without long-COVID.
  • To determine the association between long-COVID and cognitive impairment diagnoses.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study comparing COVID-19 positive (COV+) and negative (COV-) patients.
  • Utilized the University of the West Indies Dementia Screening Scale 3 (UDS3) for neuropsychiatric testing.
  • Physician consensus diagnoses (normal, MCI, dementia) were made blinded to long-COVID status.

Main Results:

  • Long-COVID patients exhibited significantly worse cognitive test results (64% vs. 46%) and higher CDR scores (26% vs. 6%).
  • 25% of long-COVID patients received MCI or dementia diagnoses, compared to 6% without long-COVID.
  • Long-COVID was associated with increased odds of MCI, particularly Alzheimer's-type MCI (aOR 4.4).

Conclusions:

  • Long-COVID is linked to poorer cognitive performance and increased rates of mild cognitive impairment.
  • Alzheimer's-type MCI is significantly more prevalent in individuals experiencing long-COVID symptoms.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind long-COVID-related cognitive decline.