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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

749
Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
749
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
516

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
07:20

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Biomarkers.

Panpan Shen1, Sheng Zhang2, Yu Geng2

  • 1Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) perfusion area measured by OCTA can help differentiate vascular dementia (VaD) from vascular mild cognitive impairment (VMCI). This retinal biomarker shows promise for early detection in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS).

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Neurology
  • Neuroimaging and Vascular Disease

Background:

  • Internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) is linked to vascular cognitive impairment (VCI).
  • Identifying reliable biomarkers for VCI in ICAS patients is crucial for early intervention.
  • Retinal microvascular changes may reflect underlying cerebrovascular pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate retinal and choroidal microvascular parameters as potential biomarkers for VCI in ICAS patients.
  • To assess the diagnostic capability of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in distinguishing between vascular mild cognitive impairment (VMCI) and vascular dementia (VaD).

Main Methods:

  • 123 asymptomatic ICAS patients were enrolled and classified into VMCI and VaD groups.
  • OCTA was used to measure vessel densities and perfusion areas in retinal layers.
  • Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) biomarkers from MRI were also assessed.

Main Results:

  • Radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) perfusion area positively correlated with VaD.
  • CSVD burden score and white-matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume negatively correlated with VaD.
  • RPC perfusion area of the affected eye demonstrated superior discriminatory power for VaD vs. VMCI compared to CSVD and WMH.

Conclusions:

  • OCTA-derived RPC perfusion area is an effective differentiator between VaD and VMCI in ICAS patients.
  • This suggests OCTA's potential as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for VCI.
  • Supporting clinical decisions to prevent cognitive decline in ICAS patients.