Nanomedicine for venous thrombosis: Insights from an inflammatory perspective

Venous thrombosis (VT), a serious cardiovascular disease, is commonly encountered across various clinical departments. Over the past decade, the negative role of inflammation in the formation and resolution of VT has become increasingly recognized, with numerous inflammation-related mechanisms in VT being revealed. Despite this understanding, traditional antithrombotic treatments for VT primarily focus on targeting coagulation and fibrinolysis, while inadequately addressing inflammation issues. As a result, these treatments face challenges such as limited efficacy and a high risk of bleeding. Against this backdrop, the versatile characteristics of nanomedicine offer promising solutions for treating VT and its accompanying inflammation issues, particularly in preventing premature drug degradation within circulation and facilitating on-demand drug delivery to disease sites. In addition, recent advances in biomimetic nanotechnology and stimuli-responsive systems have further propelled potential applications of nanomedicine in this area. In this context, this review discusses the rational design of nanomaterials, the optimization of targeted delivery approaches, the advancement of stimuli-responsive release strategies, and the integration of biomimetic nanotechnology, all from an inflammation-focused perspective. With these ongoing advancements, nanomedicine holds great promise for precise and comprehensive VT treatment.