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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

749
Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
749
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
516

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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Yarovinsky Natalya1,2, Rafi Hadad3,4, Iris Heller3

  • 1Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing cognitive decline requires comprehensive biomarker analysis. Including autoimmune encephalopathy in differential diagnoses can be life-saving for patients with cognitive impairment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Accurate diagnosis of cognitive decline is crucial for effective treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Advancements enable measurement of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) biomarkers and autoimmune antibodies.
  • A comprehensive assessment approach was implemented starting June 2020.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive diagnostic approach for cognitive impairment.
  • To achieve accurate clinic-biological diagnoses of underlying etiologies.
  • To differentiate neurodegenerative from autoimmune causes of cognitive decline.

Main Methods:

  • 131 patients with cognitive/behavioral deterioration underwent lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis.
  • CSF analysis included cell count, protein, glucose, chloride, cytology, AD biomarkers (tau, p-tau, Aβ42), and antibody panels.
  • Assessments incorporated neurological, cognitive evaluations, and imaging.

Main Results:

  • 59% of 120 subjects tested positive for AD biomarkers.
  • 15% of 92 subjects tested positive for paraneoplastic antibodies, with 8 having biomarker-confirmed AD and 6 non-AD pathology.
  • Two patients with positive AD biomarkers and paraneoplastic antibodies died within 77 months; 6 received immune treatment, and 5 were diagnosed with cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Biomarkers are valuable in diagnosing cognitive and behavioral impairments, preventing misdiagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease.
  • Autoimmune encephalopathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cognitive decline.
  • Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment for autoimmune conditions can be life-saving.