Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

5.7K
Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
5.7K
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

4.5K
Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
4.5K
Drug Discovery: Overview01:26

Drug Discovery: Overview

10.9K
Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...
10.9K
Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview01:26

Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview

1.1K
Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
The pharmaceutical phase focuses on leveraging the physicochemical properties of the drug to design and manufacture an effective product. Variants include orally administered tablets or capsules, topical creams or ointments, and parenteral-delivery solutions or emulsions.
The pharmacokinetic phase...
1.1K
In Vitro Drug Release Testing: Overview, Development and Validation01:10

In Vitro Drug Release Testing: Overview, Development and Validation

279
In vitro dissolution and drug release tests assess how quickly and how much of a drug is released from its dosage form into an aqueous medium under standardized laboratory conditions. These tests are essential tools in pharmaceutical development and quality assurance, offering insight into the drug's performance before clinical use.During formulation development, dissolution testing identifies incomplete or inconsistent drug release issues. It also supports decisions on selecting the optimal...
279
Drug Regulation01:25

Drug Regulation

2.7K
Drug regulation encompasses the management of drug usage by evaluating its safety and efficacy through assessments conducted by regulatory authorities. Regrettably, the history of drug regulation is marred by several catastrophic events. One such incident is the Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which the toxic compound diethyl glycol was included in a sweet-tasting medication, leading to numerous fatalities. This event prompted the enactment of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938. Under...
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tau positron emission tomography analysis methods for the quantification of tau spread in preclinical and early Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Impact of plasma pTau181 levels on clinician diagnostic confidence and management in memory and cognition clinics: A multi-site before-and-after study.

Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Analysis of second-generation epigenetic clocks reveals further associations between disproportionate biological ageing and hippocampal volume.

GeroScience·2026
Same author

Predicting accumulation and age at onset of amyloid-β from genetic risk and resilience for Alzheimer's disease.

EBioMedicine·2026
Same author

Evidence for direct and sleep-moderated relationships between aquaporin-4 genetic variants and Alzheimer's disease phenotypes.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Genetic variation in the glymphatic pathway predicts cognition and neurodegeneration in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

Research square·2026
Same journal

Unveiling the procoagulant state in Alzheimer's disease: A novel PET imaging strategy.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Estimated labor market outcomes of people progressing from preclinical to early-stage Alzheimer's disease in the United States.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Amyloid exacerbates tau and alpha-synuclein pathologies, behavioral impairments, and neuroinflammation in a mixed dementia model.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Multimorbidity burden and patterns associated with DeepBrainNet-derived brain-age gap in dementia-free older adults: A community-based study.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Reply to "Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities".

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System
05:10

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

10.1K

Drug Development.

Rosita Shishegar1,2, Pierrick Bourgeat3, Vincent Dore4,5

  • 1The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Combining amyloid-beta (Aβ) PET scans with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores improves prediction of Alzheimer's disease progression in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This combined approach aids in identifying high-risk individuals for early intervention and clinical trials.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Three-Dimensional Sprouting Assay of Angiogenesis Using Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Vascular Disease Modeling and Drug Testing
08:04

In Vitro Three-Dimensional Sprouting Assay of Angiogenesis Using Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Vascular Disease Modeling and Drug Testing

Published on: May 11, 2021

3.3K
Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
05:45

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 10, 2025

451

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System
05:10

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

10.1K
In Vitro Three-Dimensional Sprouting Assay of Angiogenesis Using Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Vascular Disease Modeling and Drug Testing
08:04

In Vitro Three-Dimensional Sprouting Assay of Angiogenesis Using Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Vascular Disease Modeling and Drug Testing

Published on: May 11, 2021

3.3K
Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
05:45

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 10, 2025

451

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomarkers
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases

Background:

  • Identifying individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at high risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression is crucial for timely therapeutic interventions.
  • Amyloid-beta (Aβ) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and cognitive assessments like the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) are key tools in this identification process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the optimal Aβ PET threshold for identifying MCI individuals likely to progress to AD.
  • To evaluate if combining Aβ PET data with MMSE scores enhances risk stratification for MCI patients.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of harmonized data from 686 MCI participants (CDR 0.5) across two cohorts (AIBL and ADNI) over 7 years.
  • Cox proportional-hazards models were used, adjusting for sex and APOE4 status, to predict progression to mild dementia due to AD.
  • Optimal thresholds for MMSE (27) and Aβ (44 CL) were identified to maximize hazard ratios at 3 years, categorizing participants into risk groups.

Main Results:

  • Both Aβ PET and MMSE thresholds showed comparable hazard ratios for predicting AD progression.
  • Combining Aβ PET and MMSE significantly improved risk stratification: 50% of MCI patients with low cognition and high Aβ progressed to AD within 3 years, versus only 1 of 308 with high cognition and low Aβ.
  • The low-cognition, high-Aβ group exhibited the fastest cognitive decline, indicated by a significant PACC score decline.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive performance alone is insufficient for predicting MCI to AD progression.
  • Integrating Aβ PET imaging with MMSE cutoffs provides enhanced prognostic information for prodromal AD.
  • This combined approach is valuable for designing clinical trials and guiding therapeutic strategies for individuals with MCI.