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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Zhen Liu1, Dai Shi2, Anqi Li3

  • 1Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fewer Apolipoprotein E-ε4 (APOE-ε4) carriers exist in Chinese older adults. However, APOE-ε4 homozygotes show greater Alzheimer's disease biomarker changes, hippocampal atrophy, and cognitive decline in Chinese compared to American populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Apolipoprotein E-ε4 (APOE-ε4) is a significant genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • APOE-ε4 homozygosity may represent a distinct genetic form of AD.
  • The impact of APOE4 on aging populations, particularly East Asians, requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare APOE genotype frequencies and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk between Chinese and American older adults.
  • To investigate whether APOE-ε4 homozygosity leads to more pronounced AD biomarker changes in East Asian versus Caucasian aging populations.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of APOE allele frequencies in the Greater-Bay-Area Healthy Aging Brain Study (GHABS) Chinese cohort and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) American cohort.
  • Analysis of age- and sex-matched participants for plasma biomarkers (Aβ42/Aβ40, ptau217, ptau181, GFAP), hippocampal volume, and cognition.
  • Utilized generalized linear models and calculated Cohen's D effect sizes for APOE genotypes relative to APOE-ε3ε3.

Main Results:

  • Chinese older adults (GHABS) exhibited lower percentages of APOE-ε3ε4 and APOE-ε4ε4 alleles compared to American participants (ADNI).
  • GHABS participants showed significantly less APOE-ε3ε4 and APOE-ε4ε4 across clinical groups (cognitively unimpaired, MCI, dementia).
  • In APOE-ε3ε3-matched comparisons, GHABS APOE-ε4ε4 individuals displayed more pronounced abnormalities in plasma ptau217, ptau181, GFAP, reduced hippocampal volume, and cognitive decline than ADNI APOE-ε4ε4 participants.

Conclusions:

  • The prevalence of APOE-ε4 carriers is lower in Chinese compared to American older adults.
  • APOE-ε4ε4 homozygosity demonstrates more detrimental effects on AD biomarkers, brain structure, and cognitive function in Chinese older adults.
  • Findings highlight ethnic-specific characteristics of the APOE-ε4 allele's influence on AD pathophysiology.