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Related Concept Videos

Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Identifying Cell Surface Markers of Primary Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells by Metabolic Labeling of Sialoglycan
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Emerging cell surface glycoRNAs with potential regulatory roles.

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Newly discovered glycosylated RNAs (glycoRNAs) are RNA-glycan hybrids found on cell surfaces. These molecules mediate intercellular communication, immune responses, and tumor signaling, expanding RNA biology beyond the cell.

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GlycoRNAsN- and O-glycosylationSiglec recognitionY-RNAscancer biologylectin interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Glycosylated RNAs (glycoRNAs) represent a novel class of RNA-glycan hybrids.
  • Covalent glycan modifications impart unique molecular characteristics to these RNA molecules.
  • The discovery of glycoRNAs challenges the traditional view of RNA function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the concept and significance of glycosylated RNAs (glycoRNAs).
  • To highlight the extracellular localization and potential functions of glycoRNAs.
  • To establish glycoRNAs as key players in intercellular communication and disease-associated signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Proximity ligation studies were employed to detect and localize glycoRNAs.
  • Analysis of glycan modifications on RNA molecules.
  • Investigating the interactions of glycoRNAs with cell surface receptors.

Main Results:

  • Glycosylated RNAs (glycoRNAs) were identified on the cell surface.
  • Extracellular glycoRNAs possess features typically associated with glycoproteins and glycolipids.
  • These findings suggest novel roles for RNA in cell-surface interactions.

Conclusions:

  • GlycoRNAs are extracellular molecules with significant biological implications.
  • Their cell-surface localization suggests roles in intercellular communication and immune modulation.
  • GlycoRNAs are implicated in tumor-associated signaling pathways, opening new avenues for research.