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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

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Glymphatic transport and ocular diseases.

Xiaowei Wang1, Christine Delle2, Maiken Nedergaard3

  • 1Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The ocular glymphatic system clears waste and fluid in the eye. Dysfunction in this system contributes to various blinding eye diseases, including glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration.

Keywords:
Age-related macular degenerationDiabetic retinopathyGlaucomaNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorderOcular glymphatic systemPapilledemaSpaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Retinal neurons have high metabolic demands requiring efficient waste and fluid clearance.
  • A glymphatic-like system in the eye facilitates fluid exchange and waste removal.
  • This ocular glymphatic system involves bidirectional flow along the optic nerve.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key contributors to glymphatic system dysfunction in ocular diseases.
  • To explore the role of glymphatic impairment in various blinding conditions.
  • To provide a framework for future research on the glymphatic system in eye health.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of findings from preclinical models.
  • Analysis of clinically grounded hypotheses.
  • Review of existing literature on glymphatic function and ocular disease.

Main Results:

  • Key contributors to glymphatic dysfunction include impaired barriers, perivascular space issues, aquaporin-4 abnormalities, immature vasculature, and immune activation.
  • Glymphatic impairment is implicated in glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimer's disease models.
  • Disrupted glymphatic flow is suspected in papilledema, spaceflight neuro-ocular syndrome, and Terson syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • Glymphatic dysfunction is a significant factor in numerous ocular diseases.
  • Understanding these mechanistic links is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.
  • This review highlights the need for further research into the glymphatic system's role in preventing vision loss.