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Epistasis

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Optogenetics Identification of a Neuronal Type with a Glass Optrode in Awake Mice

Optogenetics Identification of a Neuronal Type with a Glass Optrode in Awake Mice

Published on: June 28, 2018

High-resolution optogenetics generates distinguishable neocortical activity patterns in awake mice.

Ryosuke Yoshida¹, Yamato Ishii¹, Kotaro Yamashiro¹

¹Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.

Neuroscience Research

|December 25, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a digital micromirror device (DMD)-based optogenetics platform for precise neural control. This novel method allows for highly accurate and reproducible manipulation of neuronal population activity in vivo.

Keywords:

Deep learning Digital micromirror device Electrophysiology Optogenetics Patterned stimulation

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Optogenetics Identification of a Neuronal Type with a Glass Optrode in Awake Mice

Optogenetics Identification of a Neuronal Type with a Glass Optrode in Awake Mice

Published on: June 28, 2018

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

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Published on: June 19, 2019

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice

Published on: October 27, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Optogenetics
Systems Neuroscience

Background:

Cognition relies on precisely coordinated neural population activity on millisecond timescales.
Understanding these intricate network dynamics requires advanced tools for causal investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a digital micromirror device (DMD)-based photostimulation platform for high-resolution spatiotemporal control of neuronal activity.
To investigate the impact of patterned photostimulation on cortical activity and its reproducibility.

Main Methods:

Development of a DMD-based optogenetics platform with 2-μm spatial and 0.2-ms temporal resolution.
Application of spatiotemporally patterned photostimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex of channelrhodopsin-2-expressing mice.
Utilized deep learning algorithms for classification of evoked electrophysiological population responses.

Main Results:

The DMD platform successfully evoked distinct electrophysiological population responses.
Deep learning algorithms accurately classified the evoked neural activity patterns.
Rapidly changing illumination patterns demonstrated superior trial-to-trial consistency compared to constant photostimulation.

Conclusions:

DMD-based spatiotemporal optogenetics provides precise and reproducible control over in vivo neuronal population activity.
This technology enables causal probing of complex neural network dynamics.
The findings pave the way for advanced investigations into the neural basis of cognition.